cryptosporidium treatment metronidazole

official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Since you can still spread cryptosporidiosis even once your symptoms are gone, ask your employer or school when you or your child can come back. Accessed Nov. 3, 2020. Generic name: metronidazole (oral/injection) What should I eat or drink? Cryptosporidiosis spreads easily. Dont swim in public pools or have sex for two weeks after having diarrhea. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Cloacal swabs were collected every 2 months for 6 months to measure C. serpentis shedding by probe . Epidemiology. PLoS One. Jameson JL, et al., eds. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. . Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of cryptosporidiosis, especially if you have large amounts of watery diarrhea (several episodes per day). skin tissue infection due to Peptostreptococcus bacteria. In someone with a compromised immune system, cryptosporidiosis may never be fully cured and can cause symptoms for years. Epub 2022 Jul 4. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent. The following list of medications are in some way related to or used in the treatment of this condition. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Giacometti A, Burzacchini F, Cirioni O, Barchiesi F, Dini M, Scalise G. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Metronidazole (50 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 3-5 days) can be administered for treatment. giardia and trichomonas). Your provider may prescribe oral or IV hydration or antidiarrheal medications. Site of Infection and Pathogenesis. % Stool cultures are the diagnostic standard for bacterial foodborne illness; however, culture results are positive in less than 40% of cases. Acid fast stain - for Giardia & Cryptosporidium; Treatment of intestinal parasites. These infections can cause intestinal distress, including diarrhea. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Yes, cryptosporidiosis is contagious it can spread from person to person, although indirectly. You may need IV fluids or nutrition. This is because metronidazole not only kills the bacteria responsible for conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, but useful bacteria in the vaginal flora that help to keep other microbes in check. This list is not complete and many other drugs may interact with metronidazole. Predicting the emergence or disappearance of specific pathogensother than in the setting of an identified outbreakis difficult and has not significantly prevented or limited foodborne illnesses. Has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Infected poop in diapers also helps spread crypto among young kids and their parents. Cryptosporidiosis is an illness you get from the parasite Cryptosporidium. You should not use metronidazole if you recently drank alcohol, or have taken disulfiram (Antabuse) within the past 2 weeks. Metronidazole will not treat a vaginal yeast infection. Although these recommendations have been shown to reduce the risk of foodborne illness in the United States, the risk increases with travel. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Shake the oral suspension (liquid). For those persons with HIV/AIDS, anti-retroviral therapy that improves the immune status will also decrease or eliminate symptoms of cryptosporidiosis. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 3. It is not known whether these effects would occur in people using this medicine. The only drug that has FDA approval for treatment of Cryptosporidium is nitazoxanide [ 2 ]. Copyright 2015 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. infect the microvillar border of cells lining the small intestine and other organs. In two double-blind, controlled trials in pediatric patients with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal distention, colic, left iliac fossa tenderness) caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 12-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 4 through 11 years) was compared with a placebo. Acetaldehyde is responsible for the unwanted effects of alcohol such as nausea, vomiting, and flushing, and is toxic. Water, broth, sports drinks or oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte) are the best choices to keep you hydrated. Muscle biopsy shows larvae in straited muscle serologic tests positive after 3 weeks no effective treatment . It can take between 3 to 12 days after contact with cryptosporidium before you develop symptoms. Once inside your body, the parasite passes through your digestive tract and infects your stool. amebicides, aminoglycosides, For professionals: Nitazoxanide has been approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems. Several studies that have investigated the reaction of metronidazole with alcohol have found evidence of the existence of this interaction to be absent or weak. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. eCollection 2023. AHFS DI Monograph, Prescribing Information, Drug class: This content is owned by the AAFP. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. 13 Febantel (37.8 mg/kg), in a combination product also containing pyrantel (7.56 mg/kg) and praziquantel (7.56 mg/kg), successfully cleared infections in experimentally infected kittens when . When signs and symptoms are severe or the infection persists, doctors usually treat giardia infection with medications such as: There are no consistently recommended medications for giardia infection in pregnancy because of the potential for harmful drug effects to the fetus. Immune reconstitution or decreased immunosuppression is critical to therapy in AIDS and transplant patients. It is most commonly seen in children aged between 1 and 5 years. Cryptosporidium infections have been reported in humans and in a variety of farm, pet and native animals. A single dose of ondansetron (Zofran) is recommended in children with clinically significant gastroenteritis-related vomiting. Uncategorized. It is possible that the reaction could just be a side effect of metronidazole or potentially only occur in a small sub-group of susceptible people, because the reaction does not appear to occur in everybody. Efficacy of treatment with paromomycin, azithromycin, and nitazoxanide in a patient with disseminated cryptosporidiosis. Last updated on Oct 20, 2021. Supportive therapy is the key component in the management of cryptosporidiosis. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here. Giardia infection occurs worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals and many birds. 2022 Dec 30;12(1):61. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12010061. Side effects may be more likely in older adults. It causes watery diarrhea and other gastrointestinal (gut) symptoms. No anti-infective has been found to reliably eradicate Cryptosporidium, although several drugs (e.g., paromomycin, azithromycin, nitazoxanide) appear to suppress the infection. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. Make sure you tell your provider if you have a heart or liver condition before taking this medicine. Parasites Giardia. May harm an unborn baby. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Empiric treatment should focus on symptom management, rehydration if the patient is clinically dehydrated, and antibiotic therapy. Continue reading, If you are taking oral metronidazole or using metronidazole gel for an infection that is linked with sexual activity, such as trichomoniasis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or bacterial vaginosis you should not have sex for 7 days after single-dose therapy (or until you have completed the 7-day treatment regimen) and your symptoms have resolved. Yes 1, 2. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010947. Accessed Nov. 3, 2020. The physical examination can help narrow the differential diagnosis, and vital signs can help determine the severity of volume depletion. Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters). Cryptosporidiosis can make it hard to stay hydrated, especially for infants and pregnant people. Resources are available to educate consumers on food recalls and proper handling, storage, and cooking of foods. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. CDC twenty four seven. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Many people who do have problems often get better on their own in a few weeks. Metronidazole can cause life-threatening liver problems in people with Cockayne syndrome. Symptoms of a yeast infection include itching and a thick, white odor-free discharge and it can be easily treated with medication such as fluconazole. He or she may also check your mouth and skin for signs of dehydration. 2022 Nov 9;12(11):2744. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12112744. The main symptoms are watery diarrhoea with tummy (abdominal) cramps. G. duodenalis (C&D) is one of the most common parasites of the domestic . If your symptoms are mild, your doctor may recommend delaying treatment until after the first trimester or longer. Severe diarrhea can lead to life-threatening complications. 2017 Aug;64(4):837-850. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.014. 2001 Jun 15;32(12):1792-4. doi: 10.1086/320751. Patient information: See related handout on food poisoning, written by the authors of this article. What types of medications and dietary supplements do you take? Gharpure R, Perez A, Miller AD, Wikswo ME, Silver R, Hlavsa MC. eCollection 2022 Nov. Aziz AFE, Roshidi N, Othman N, Mohd Hanafiah K, Arifin N. Diagnostics (Basel). Tell your provider if you have liver or kidney disease, bile or gallbladder problems or a weakened immune system before taking nitazoxanide. What symptoms should prompt me to call you or go to the ER? They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Your provider will give you a sterile container and instructions on how to get a sample. To help diagnose giardia infection (giardiasis), your doctor is likely to test a sample of your stool. Epub 2001 May 9. Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrhoeal disease caused by the parasite, Cryptosporidium, which infects the intestine. Being cautious in places where Cryptosporidium is found and practicing good handwashing and food prep habits are the best ways to reduce your risk of cryptosporidiosis. . Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms foodborne illness, infectious diarrhea, food poisoning, salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, food safety, hemolyticuremic syndrome, oral rehydration solution, oral rehydration therapy, traveler's diarrhea, and bloody diarrhea. Children between 1 and 4 are the most likely to get cryptosporidiosis. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/index.html. Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Diagnosis and control of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. metronidazole . Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. June 25, 2018. Pronunciation: me-troe-NI-da-zole This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Would you like email updates of new search results? Your provider will also do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and health history. Make sure kids wash their hands after touching animals and going to the bathroom. Seizures and other nervous system abnormalities have been reported in patients treated with metronidazole. Can you use Soolantra and metronidazole together. Enterotoxins in the small bowel caused by E. coli, C. perfringens, and viruses produce excessive secretions of fluids and electrolytes that overwhelm the large bowel; therefore, they are typically associated with watery diarrhea. Cryptosporidiosis is an illness you get from the parasite Cryptosporidium. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. Levinson W, et al. Most cases of acute infectious diarrhea are viral, and improper use of empiric antibiotics is associated with increased morbidity caused by adverse effects and Clostridium difficile colitis. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Cryptosporidiosis is of considerable importance in neonatal ruminants, in which it is characterized by mild to severe diarrhea, lethargy, and poor growth rates. Current U.S. treatment guidelines recommend as first line treatment either metronidazole 500-750 mg PO three times daily for 7-10 days in adults and 35-50 mg/kg/d PO in three divided doses for 7-10 days in children OR tinidazole 2g PO once daily for 3 days in adults and 50 mg/kg/d PO in a single dose for 3 days in children. Fever, vomiting and loss of appetite occur less commonly. Many physicians are reluctant to use oral rehydration therapy, despite its proven effectiveness in the management of diarrhea-associated dehydration.6,15 It has been proven to prevent and treat dehydration in patients of all ages.5,1619 Guidelines that recommend the use of oral rehydration therapy for mild to moderate dehydration in infants and children have been published by the World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the CDC.6,7,20 Oral rehydration solutions contain a blend of electrolytes, as well as carbohydrates. 2023 Feb 24;18(2):e0281216. Cryptosporidium goes through your mouth into your digestive system, where it reproduces and causes symptoms. When a person consumes alcohol, the body breaks it down in two steps. For accuracy, you may be asked to submit several stool samples collected over a period of days. Intestinal and urogenital protozoa. ACS Infect Dis. Qin SY, Sun HT, Lyu C, Zhu JH, Wang ZJ, Ma T, Zhao Q, Lan YG, He WQ. If your sexual partners are also being treated, then abstain from sexual intercourse until they have finished treatment. Diarrhea within 24 to 48 hours of ingestion is most often caused by Campylobacter jejuni in individual cases or Salmonella in outbreaks.4 Foodborne illnesses commonly associated with fever are caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1, Shigella, and C. jejuni (Table 4). In 2004, the FDA licensed nitazoxanide for all persons 1 year of age. Cryptosporidiosis is spread through the fecal-oral route, which means you get it from accidentally swallowing poop (feces) that has parasites in it. Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the However, there is controversy around this reaction because while some studies have shown serious problems for some people taking metronidazole, others have shown the combination does not cause any problems. Metronidazole is an antimicrobial medication that has antiprotazoal . Cryptosporidium can also infect other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal sites, especially in individuals whose immune systems are suppressed. 2016 Aug 12;2(8):530-7. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00094. Nitazoxanide appears to be well tolerated and different treatment regimens have been used for a variety of infections. Compared with leukocyte examinations, lactoferrin measurements are more sensitive but more expensive, have a higher false-positive rate, and require a fresh-cup sample examined by an experienced microscopist.5, Use of antidiarrheal medications, including antimotility agents, anticholinergics, and adsorbents, is not recommended in children, especially those younger than two years, and is discouraged if infection with Shiga toxinproducing E. coli is suspected.68 Symptomatic treatment with loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) is effective and may be considered in adults with uncomplicated acute or traveler's diarrhea.911 Although loperamide is more effective than bismuth subsalicylate, it is not recommended for patients with hematochezia and systemic symptoms because it may increase the risk of invasive disease.10. Online ahead of print. Infections linked with sexual activity that are usually treated with metronidazole include bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and moderate-to-severe pelvic inflammatory disease. In immmunocompromised humans, infections may also occur in the large intestine, respiratory tract, biliary tract, pancreatic duct, and other sites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022 Apr 25;12:860442. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860442. TIMOTHY L. SWITAJ, MD, KELLY J. Successful treatment of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis with nitazoxanide in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cryptosporidiosis is a disease usually caused by the parasites Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum. <> government site. Half of all people living with AIDS will never get rid of Cryptosporidium once infected. It was thought that metronidazole blocked the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase as well, although this now seems to be incorrect. June 29, 2022; seattle seahawks schedule 2023; psalms in spanish for funeral . Nitazoxanide was synthesized in the 1980s by combining a thiazole ring (similar structurally to metronidazole) with a benzamidine ring (similar to the tapeworm drug niclosamide). If someone else touches a surface youve contaminated or gets water in their mouth that youve swum in, they can get sick too. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. The gut microbiome composition changed significantly, and . This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Foodborne illness is a worldwide problem, and U.S. outbreaks often garner media attention and result in food recalls. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be considered in cases of suspected foodborne illness if the patient is febrile and has signs of invasive disease, if symptoms have persisted for more than one week or are severe, or if hospitalization may be required. An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Print 2018 Apr. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In addition, it has anti-inflammatory properties in the large intestine and is an effective anti-diarrhea medication. Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Metronidazole systemic 500 mg (PLIVA 334). Cryptosporidiosis is also called crypto. It does seems that the concern attached to this reaction is overstated. You usually get it from contaminated water in public pools or other recreational swimming areas. An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) allows the FDA to authorize unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in a declared public health emergency when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Many drugs can affect metronidazole, especially: medicine to treat malaria, HIV, or other infection; or. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. If youve been around farm animals or at a petting zoo, wash your hands thoroughly before touching your face or eating. If you have cryptosporidiosis, avoid eating or drinking anything that makes diarrhea and dehydration worse, like alcohol and caffeine. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in patients with HIV infection; used alone or in conjunction with azithromycin. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. metronidazole antabuse effect. It is also very common in humans. Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/FoodborneIllnessesNeedToKnow/default.htm, http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/fdoss/index.html. Accessibility For ratings, users were asked how effective they found the medicine while considering positive/adverse effects and ease of use (1 = not effective, 10 = most effective). Depending on the severity of your symptoms and whether you have underlying conditions, your provider may prescribe: Loperamide can cause heart rhythm problems in high doses. 11 2.5 Toxoplasma gondii 12 2.6 Neospora caninum 14 2.7 Hammondia spp. In recent years, nitazoxanide has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in non-immunodeficient children and adults, becoming the first drug approved for treating this disease. 2023 Feb;21(2):167-173. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2160704. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Large clinical trials in humans have never been conducted to confirm this interaction. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because of this and the lower parasitologic cure rate, CDC still recommends that all infected persons, including those who have completed treatment, do not swim for 2 weeks after resolution of symptoms. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24173771/). Continue reading. vomiting. How long does it take metronidazole to leave your system? Clinical cure (resolution of diarrhea) rates range from 72-88% 1. We want to help you find those areas much faster by offering you accessibility to our credibled evaluation web page, with ideal pharmacies ready and standing by. Not all uses of metronidazole are approved for treating children and teenagers. Physicians should avoid attributing cases of foodborne illness to specific food sources without definitive testing and reporting. Other tests that can be considered include serum chemistry (including albumin levels), C-reactive protein levels, complete blood count, blood cultures, urinalysis, abdominal radiography, anoscopy, and endoscopy, if warranted by the severity and pattern of symptoms.5 In severe cases of infectious diarrhea, toxic megacolon should be considered, which can be identified on plain abdominal radiography.4 Severe inflammatory changes can also be seen on computed tomography. On the other hand, Masood et al. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Metronidazole . 1999 Dec;18(12):885-9. doi: 10.1007/s100960050424. Most people who have healthy immune systems will recover without treatment. Do not take two doses at one time. Abdominal cramps, nausea, watery diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (may be bloody), fever, vomiting, Contaminated water, raw or undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, Blurred vision, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, double vision, muscle weakness, vomiting; can cause respiratory failure and death, Fermented fish, improperly canned foods (especially home-canned vegetables), potatoes baked in aluminum foil, Intense abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, Dried or precooked foods, gravy, meats, poultry, undercooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), slight fever, May be remitting and relapsing over weeks to months, Contaminated drinking water, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, substantial weight loss, vomiting, Contaminated raw produce (e.g., basil, imported berries, lettuce), Abdominal cramps, vomiting, watery diarrhea, Food or water contaminated with human feces, Abdominal pain, severe diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting; can cause kidney failure, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce (e.g., sprouts), undercooked beef (especially hamburger), unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal pain, dark urine, diarrhea, fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, shellfish from contaminated water, uncooked foods, 9 to 48 hours for gastrointestinal symptoms, 2 to 6 weeks for invasive disease, Diarrhea, fever, muscle aches, nausea; pregnant women may have mild flulike illness, and infection can lead to premature delivery or stillbirth; older adults and immunocompromised patients may develop bacteremia or meningitis, Deli meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk, Norovirus (food poisoning, viral gastroenteritis, winter diarrhea), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (more common in adults), fever, headache, nausea, vomiting (more common in children), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, Cheese, contaminated raw produce, eggs, meat, poultry, unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever; stools may contain blood and mucus, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting, Unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated cream pastries, meats, and potato or egg salad, Abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea (occasionally bloody), Abdominal pain, bleeding under the skin, bloodborne infection, diarrhea, fever, ulcers requiring surgical removal, vomiting; can be fatal to persons with liver disease or weakened immune systems, Undercooked or raw seafood (especially oysters), Acute abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting, Together, these symptoms raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Recent changes in diet and ingestion of foods included in recent recalls or undercooked foods should raise suspicion for foodborne illness, Longer duration raises concern for dehydration, Persons who work at child care centers or in close contact with others are at risk of viral diarrhea, Cross-contamination and transmission of pathogens are possible; may help narrow differential if cause is known in the other person, Hospitalization or nursing home admission, Raises suspicion for atypical causes of diarrhea, Can help determine possible comorbidities that suggest a cause, Stool characteristics (bloody, foul smelling, watery), Foul-smelling stools in patients with recent hospitalization or antibiotic use raise suspicion for, Watery stools raise suspicion for viral cause or, Travel to foreign countries, especially non-Western countries, should raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Decreased appetite, fever, jaundice, nausea, right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, vomiting, CBC, C-reactive protein level, liver function testing, right upper-quadrant ultrasonography, Abdominal pain, arthralgias, arthritis, fever, jaundice, malaise, nausea, vomiting, Ammonia levels, hepatitis panel, liver biopsy, liver function testing, ultrasonography, Fever, left lower-quadrant abdominal pain, Abdominal CT, CBC; contrast enema and colonoscopy may be considered, Abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, occasional bloody diarrhea, weight loss, Colonoscopy with tissue biopsy, negative stool culture, Abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, melena, weight loss, Abdominal CT, arterial blood gas levels, blood chemistry panel, CBC, colonoscopy, electrocardiography, lactate levels, magnetic resonance angiography, Abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, Diagnosis is generally clinical; may be confirmed by antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction testing, serology, or viral culture (although routine use of these tests is not necessary), Erythromycin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 days, Azithromycin, 10 mg per kg per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin (Zithromax), 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP/SMX, 160/800 mg 2 times per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin, 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 1 to 2 g per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 50 to 100 mg per kg per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Metronidazole (Flagyl), 750 mg 3 times per day for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 30 to 50 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 7 to 10 days, Paromomycin, 500 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, or iodoquinol (Yodoxin), 650 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, Paromomycin, 25 to 35 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 250 to 750 mg 3 times per day for 7 to 10 days. . Diarrhea within 24 hours of ingestion is most likely caused by C. perfringens or B. cereus. It causes watery diarrhea that can be severe. Cryptosporidiosis is occasionally seen in amphibian species and is typically caused by Cryptosporidium fragile , an apicomplexan protozoa. Two patients' diarrhea stopped following treatment with opiates and metronidazole, given orally in one case and intravenously in the other. There may be a lot of parasites in your poop one day but hardly any on another day, so you may have to give samples over several days to get a diagnosis. Watchful waiting is often the most appropriate option in the initial diagnosis and management of foodborne illness; ancillary testing is usually not necessary.

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