Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Vorobyov et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Int J Epidemiol. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2011;18:32533. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. J Natl Cancer Inst. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Wang et al. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Behav Brain Res. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Google Scholar. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Merola et al. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2017;38:106976. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 2003;41:26887. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Ning et al. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. 1992;114:16202. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 1997;44:99104. radiations. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Privacy [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Int J Radiat Biol. 2012;3:3440. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Motawi et al. 2004;23:20114. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? 2010;3:4650. Yale J Biol Med. Wang Q, Cao Z. Article millimeter, or equivalently. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Neurosci Lett. 2012;21:6209. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. PubMed J Neurosci Methods. Xu et al. Singh et al. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. 2002;5:18995. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Int J Radiat Biol. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. J Sleep Res. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. 2015;91:55561. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. PubMed 2007;34:146779. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Cobb et al. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Part of 2013;34:26474. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. PubMed Chin J Radiol Med Prot. CAS Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Brain Res. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2011;107:35661. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2009;4:e4389. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. 2003;80:194210. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Cite this article. Richter et al. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Annu Rev Physiol. Fragopoulou et al. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Mil Med Sci. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review 2014;70:84555. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. 2016;74:99107. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Thus, Cosquer et al. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. 2005;22:32931. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2004;2004:19. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Exp Neurobiol. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. CAS Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2010;473:525. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Cancer Res. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Brain Res. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Dasdag et al. 2009;158:12639. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. CAS 2010;1347:17985. Int J Radiat Biol. Int J Radiat Biol. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Neuroreport. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. 2010;39:67594. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2005;130:591600. Dasdag et al. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. 1994;15:95104. 2009;72:20514. PubMed Neurotoxicology. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. J Environ Health. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Terms and Conditions, Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Surg Neurol. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. 2005;438:18592. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. 2013;5:5500110. Koch C, Zador A. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare 1984;4:285665. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. 2015;51:15865. 2004;25:4957. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Wang et al. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Dasdag et al. Microwave Health Effects . Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. 2006;27:295306. Phot J. 2014;90:2935. J Natl Cancer Inst. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2016;397:2239. 2017;326:291. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. daily life. Nat Med. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Brain Res Rev. 1996;180:917. 2013;42:428. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Cell Biochem Biophys. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD Acta Neurol Belg. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. 1992;6:379. Int J Radiat Biol. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009;64:2314. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Am J Epidemiol. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2007;27:6024. Neuroreport. Sanders AP, Joines WT. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 2005;161:3314. 2012;62:22336. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd PLoS One. Finally, Hardell et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Behav Brain Res. 2006;79:13140. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Behav Brain Res. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare P Nat Acad. 2002;57:2702. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Qiao et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Bull Exp Biol Med. PubMed Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Mortazavi et al. Bioelectromagnetics. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Radiat Res. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Gold PE. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Behav Brain Res. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs).
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