map of thessalonica, berea and athens

Not much of the route of Paul's journey is in doubtLuke describes the trips pretty precisely in Acts. Even so, Paul seems not to have been greatly impressed by either Athenian intellectualism or the citys architecture, for he was grieved by the idolatry he saw (Concise Bible Atlas, p. 231). The last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece, Mycenae, represented the first civilization in Greece that included states, art, writing, and additional studies. This map shows the Black Sea. University of Texas Perry-Castaeda Library Map Collection/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain. In the war between Perseus and the Romans it appears as the headquarters of the Macedonian navy (Livy xliv. Now known as the modern Avlida, the Greeks often got together in this area to set sail to Troy and bring back Helen. It was also the scene in 390 A.D. of the famous massacre ordered by Theodosius the Great, for which Ambrose excluded that emperor for some months from the cathedral at Milan. (3) (Berea); A place mentioned in 1 Maccabees 9:4. This proves that the politarchs were six in number, and it is a curious coincidence that in it occur the names Sosipater, Gaius and Secundus, which are berate by three Macedonian converts, of whom the first two were probably Thessalonians, the last certainly.4. The Via Egnatia is the main street of Thessalonica, and it is still a major thoroughfare of Salonika. Berea was the first city to surrender to Rome and fell in the third of the four regions into which Macedonia was divided (Livy xliv0.45; xlv.29). This distance and driving directions will also be displayed on an interactive map labeled as Distance Map and Driving Directions Greece. It wanted the virtue of true goodness. Cenchrea, Ephesus And after Paul had remained there many days, he took leave of the brethren and sailed away to Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila. The journey from Thessalonica to Berea would have taken two days on foot. John 7:17. Because of this, the synagogue at Thessalonica sent people to Berea, forcing Paul to travel to Athens by himself. I Corinthians 1:22. The Black Sea is to the east of most of Greece. Many of the Jews (and many wealthy Greek men and women) believe, but Paul's ministry is cut short when some Jews from Thessalonica arrive to stir up trouble. 1. Silas? Thessaloniki area map Description: This map shows cities, towns, main roads, secondary roads, resorts, spa resorts, airports, yacht supply stations, campings, beaches, points of interest, tourist attractions and sightseeings in Thessaloniki area. Tickets cost 39 - 42 and the journey takes 5h 45m. The messengers of Christ must arm themselves with watchfulness and prayer, and move forward with faith, firmness, and courage, and, in the name of Jesus, keep at their work, as did the apostles. Iconium Lystra Damascus Antioch Cyprus Derbe Jerusalem Thessalonica Berea Athens Corinth Ephesus Troas Add any other cities. This map shows Greece at the time of the war with Persia in 500-479 B.C. Berea was located about 70 kilometers (43 miles) southwest of Thessalonica. Note: The minds of the Bereans were not narrowed by prejudice, and they were willing to investigate and receive the truths preached by the apostles. Paul wanted to check on the state of the Thessalonians . It was as a result of the devastation by the Persians of Athens that the great building projects were started under Pericles. All Cities Visited by Apostle Paul Large Map. This map shows Greece during the Peloponnesian War (431 B.C.). Strabo, writing in the reign of Augustus, speaks of it as the most populous town in Macedonia and the metropolis of the province (vii.323, 330), and about the same time the poet Antipater, himself a native of Thessalonica, refers to the city as "mother of all Macedon" (Jacobs, Anthol. The governor exercises authority over a wide district extending from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Later History:For centuries the city remained one of the chief strongholds of Christianity, and it won for itself the title of "the Orthodox City," not only by the tenacity and vigor of its resistance to the successive attacks of various barbarous races, but also by being largely responsible for their conversion to Christianity.From the middle of the 3rd century A.D. it was entitled "metropolis and colony," and when Diocletian (284-305) divided Macedonia into two provinces, Thessalonica was chosen as the capital of the first of these. History:Thessalonica rapidly became populous and wealthy. His dejection of mind was caused by the apparently insurmountable obstacles which presented themselves against his reaching the minds of the people of Athens. Sketches from the Life of Paul, 89, 90. From Athens Paul directed his steps to Corinth, where he appears to have arrived in the autumn of A.D.52. Ernest Rhys (Editor), Kindle Edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, March 30, 2011. Like the noble Bereans, we should search the Scriptures carefully, prayerfully, to become acquainted with the utterances of God. is shown in this map. This reference map of ancient Greece includes the southernpart of the empire. As Paul looked upon the beauty and grandeur surrounding him, and saw the city crowded with idols, his spirit was stirred with jealousy for God, whom he saw dishonored on every side. Ida sacred to her in Anatolia. . The most significant city mentioned in Acts 17 is Thessalonica, which may surprise you. . 09 of 30 Eastern Aegean User:Megistias/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 2.5 It became of large importance as adestination for culture in the 13th century B.C. Distance: 5103.4 miles; Duration: 19h 50m . After that time it remained in the possession of the Turks, and it was, indeed, the chief European city of their dominions, with the exception of Constantinople, until it was recaptured by the Greeks in the Balkan war of 1912. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/maps-of-ancient-greece-4122979. He was in a position where he might easily have spoken that which would irritate his proud listeners, and bring himself into difficulty. Note: The city of Athens was the metropolis of heathendom. probably refers to another place of the same name, but an inscription (Inscr Graec, II, 5, 296i) proves its existence at the end of the 4th century B.C., and it is twice mentioned by Polybius (xxvii0.8; xxviii.8). Mosaic showing Paul preaching at Berea (Acts 17:11) Attalia, Perga And when they had spoken the word in Perga, they came down to Attalia (Acts 14:25). Describe the response of nearly all the hearers, and the result. Acts 16:4-5 Paul and his followers, Silas and Timothy, witnessed to people in different towns. ?, 195 00, Greece and Athens International Airport (ATH), Attiki Odos, Spata Artemida 190 04, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Oropos, East Attica, Greece, Pelion, Zagora, Magnisia, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Meteora, Polichni, Thessaloniki, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Hotel Grande Bretagne, Athens 105 64, Greece and Monastery of Hosios Loukas 321 00, Greece, Goudi, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Tripoli, Arkadia, Greece, Pireas, Greece and Athens Astir Palace Beach Resort, Vouliagmeni 166 71, Greece, Makaza, Komotini, Rhodope, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Olympic Indoor Sports Center, Marousi 151 23, Greece and Athens, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Ancient Olympia, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Zakynthos, Zakinthos, Greece, Pezoula, Karditsa, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Petrina, Arcadia, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Monemvasa, Greece and Athens International Airport (ATH), Attiki Odos, Greece, Patrs, Achaea, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Igoumenitsa, Thesprotia, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Aristi, Ioannina, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Patrasa, Achaea, Greece, Delphi, Fokida, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Thessaloniki, Pilea, Greece and Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece, Athens International Airport (ATH), Attiki Odos, Greece and Nafplion, Greece, Athens, Kentrikos Tomeas Athinon, Greece and Metsovo, Ioannina, Greece, West 42nd Street, New York, NY, USA and 59th Street Church, 749 59th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA, Seattle, WA, USA and Fall City, WA 98024, USA, Manchester M90 1QX, UK and Spalding, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK, Noor Bank Metro Station 1 Dubai United Arab Emirates and Abu Hail Dubai United Arab Emirates. During the Persian War, it supported Persia. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. 1 What sad result must be expected by all who proclaim unpopular truth? https://www.thoughtco.com/maps-of-ancient-greece-4122979 (accessed March 4, 2023). This map of the Persian Empire shows the direction of Xenophon and the 10,000. Mt. Berea a city of Macedonia is 73 kilometers (45 miles) west of Thessalonica (modern Salonika) The Berean's were residents of the city of Berea in Macedonia. In fact, the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero once described Berea as off the beaten track.. If you want to go by car, the driving distance between Thessaloniki and Athens is 501.69 km. (berea), Vergna, Kalambaka Today we'll follow the footsteps of Paul in Thessalonki, named after Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander the Great. Arabia, Damascus Nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; but I went away into Arabia, and returned again to Damascus (Galatians 1:17). Thessalonica (also Thessalonike) was an ancient city of Macedon in northern Greece which today is the city of Thessaloniki. The town, which still bears among the Greeks its ancient name (pronounced Verria) though called by the Turks Karaferia, possesses but few remains of antiquity with the exception of numerous inscriptions (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, III, 290 if; Cousinery, Voyage dans la Macedoine, I, 57; Dimitsas, Makedonia in Greek, 57).Marcus N. Tod(2) The place where Menelaus the ex-high priest was executed by order of Antiochus Eupator, the victim, according to local custom, being cast from a tower 50 cubits high into a bed of ashes (2 Maccabees 13:3). Known as "the navel of the world," the Greeks used the Oracle as a place of worship, consulting, and influence throughout the Greek world. map of thessalonica, berea and athens map of thessalonica, berea and athens Is Ealing safe address a problem head-on meaning cn annadurai books pdf August 15, 2020 Sounds like our political system from the local city councils to Congress. Just like the church in Thessalonica, many churches today are planted in . Neapolis Neapolis is the first European city Paul visits after God tells him to evangelize the continent. Author: Marion Golsteijn. These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the . Driving distance between berea and athens, Greece is calculated by google maps and it is 99 mi. We should inquire, not what the minister, the church, or some personal friend may say, but what the Lord says. The Signs of the Times, November 26, 1885. Ancient Greeks and Phoenicians colonized many places in Europe along the coasts of the Mediterranean and theBlack Sea. Bible stories for children . Paul in Berea. During this period, the Phoenicians were colonizing northern Africa, southern Spain, the Greeks, and southern Italy. By time of Paul, Athens was still a center of learning, but with none of its former wealth or glory (Encyclopedia of the Bible). Acts 17:10-15 Paul and Silas journey on to Berea where they preach once again in the synagogue (see Map 24). The major divisions were the sections taken by Ptolemy in Egypt, the Seleucids who acquired Asia, and the Antigonids who controlled Macedonia. 2. Note: The faithful apostle steadily pressed on through opposition, conflict, and persecution, to carry out the purpose of God as revealed to him in the vision at Jerusalem: I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles (Acts 22:21). Sketches from the Life of Paul, 88, 89. Story also available on our translated websites: Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Romanian. A passage in Thucydides (i.61) relating to the year 432 B.C. What principle did Jesus explain in this regard? Athens, Corinth Now after these things, Paul departed from Athens and came to Corinth (Acts 18:1). The name Pelargikon was also applied to the Nine Gates on the west end of the Acropolis wall. Unfortunately, the non-believing Jews from Thessalonica arrived in Berea to stir up trouble, so Paul was sent off to sail to Athens by himself while Timothy and Silas stayed behind. Choose volunteers to read Acts 17:1-3 . Bible for kids: Paul preaches at Thessalonica, Berea and Athens Acts chapter 17: Acts of the Apostles read for children. Humbled by the Centuries Leaving Berea in haste, Paul traveled by sea to Athens ( Acts 17:14-15 ), again just one step ahead of the envious and angry Jews of Thessalonica. It lies in 40 degrees 40 minutes North latitude, and 22 degrees 50 minutes East longitude, at the northernmost point of the Thermaic Gulf (Gulf of Salonica), a short distance to the East of the mouth of the Axius (Vardar). Which cities did he travel with Barnabas? The apostle spent a number of weeks here during his Second Missionary Journey, establishing a church (Acts 17:1-9) to whom he would, a short time later, write two letters (1 & 2 Thessalonians). Cleave to the word, It is written. Cast out of the mind the dangerous, obtrusive theories which, if entertained, will hold the mind in bondage, so that man shall not become a new creature in Christ. was the time of Aspasia, Euripides, Herodotus, the Presocratics, Protagoras, Pythagoras, Sophocles, and Xenophanes, among others. Copyright 2013 Reformation Herald Publishing Association, 5240 Hollins Road, Roanoke, Virginia. The death toll from the head-on collision of two trains in central Greece has risen to at least 40 people, with many more . Probably Paul was again in Thessalonica after his first imprisonment. Amphipolis, Apollonia, Thessalonica And after journeying through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews (Acts 17:1). Athens to Corinth Corinth to Cenchrea Cenchrea to Ephesus Ephesus to Caesarea Caesarea to Jerusalem Jerusalem to Antioch in Syria Approximate Distance Traveled 140 100 30 30 85 200+ 200+ 70 70 10 30 35 40 50 20 250 50 8 250 650+ 65 320+ 2,703 Approximate Miles Map_Macedonia_336_BC-es.svg: Marsyas (French original); Kordas (Spanish translation), derivative work: MinisterForBadTimes (talk)/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 2.5. The northern section of Greece is best-known for the polis of Athens, the Peloponnese, and for Sparta. At Philippi he was close to the confines of Thracian barbarism, and on the spot where the last battle was fought in defense of the Republic. Thats why Luke uses a unique term, politarch (Strongs 4173), when he writes about the city authorities (Acts 17:6-8), or rulers of the city (KJV). Gaius, too, who is mentioned in conjunction with Aristarchus, may have been a Thessalonian (Acts 19:29). Towards the North is Chersonese, while Thrace is to the West, and Colchis is to the East. Since Timothy is not mentioned (see Ac 17:10 and note), it is . Acts 17:15-16, 22; 18:1; 1 Thessalonians 3:1 . Paul travels to Berea, where he has similar success in the Synagogue in Berea. Gill, N.S. Sailing in and around the Mediterranean became too dangerous in the fall (Acts 27:9-10). It consisted, in great part, of art worship, and a round of dissipating amusement and festivities. Thessaloniki is located in Greece with (40.6436,22.9309) coordinates and Athens is located in Greece with (37.9795,23.7162) coordinates. Its population includes some 32,000 Turks, 47,000 Jews (mostly the descendants of refugees from Spain) and 16,000 Greeks and other Europeans. Hearing that many of the Jews of Berea were deeply impressed by the truth, what action did the unbelieving Jews of Thessalonica take? Acts 17:13 But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was proclaimed by Paul at Beroea also, they came there likewise, agitating the multitudes. ThoughtCo. Aleppo is now a city of nearly 130,000 inhabitants. In his Epistle to the Thessalonians he expresses his feelings in these words: Left at Athens alone (I Thessalonians 3:1). Thebes was the main city in the area of Greece called Boeotia. From tours to hotels and car rentals, we provide all the essential services to make your trip to Greece the most epic and smooth one. Thessalonica Paul preached here during his second missionary journey. , Some who prided themselves upon the extent of their intellectual culture entered into conversation with him. We looked at the wicked men recruited from the market place to riot against Paul and his companions. Among them the most famous is the inscription engraved on the arch which stood at the western end of the main street of Salonica and was called the Vardar Gate. Apolonnia to Thessalonica Thessalonica to Berea . From the Epistle to the Philippians (Acts 1:26; Acts 2:24), written during his captivity, we learn that his intention was to revisit Philippi if possible, and 1 Timothy 1:3 records a subsequent journey to Macedonia, in the course of which the apostle may well have made a longer or shorter stay at Thessalonica. Thebes was destroyed, although Alexander spared the house that had been Pindar's, according toTheban Stories. Jerusalem And when Saul came to Jerusalem, he attempted to join himself to the disciples; but all were afraid of him, not believing that he was a disciple (Acts 9:26). The most improtant archaoelogical, religious and cultural destinations along with several museums and monuments are available. Berea, Thessalonica Source: NASA Seven Churches of Asia in Revelation The seven churches of Asia were written to in the book of Revelation in Revelation chapters 2 and 3. Later, it became Anatolia, Turkey. "30 Maps of Ancient Greece Show How a Country Became an Empire." Pausanias. Paul and Silas visit Thessalonica and Berea. This map displays the beginnings of historic Greece 700 B.C.-600 B.C. This map shows Troy and the surrounding area. It's in the east, by the Hellespont. Displaying the boundaries of the Persian Empire, the path of Alexander shows his route on the mission to get Egypt and more. The country covers a total area of 41,865 sq. 17 When Paul and his companions had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a Jewish synagogue. If you dont want to miss a thing, simply fill out your details below: Ancient Via Egnatia in Kavala (ancient Neapolis), Philipp Pilhofer, September 2011. That is undoubtedly why Paul left the main road, traveling in a direction would-be pursuers would never guess. The first permanent theater was erected at the start of the 5th century B.C., following an accidental collapse of the spectators' wooden benches. You can search any location, sightseeing or destination in the wider area of the city. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map thessaloniki.gr Wikivoyage Wikipedia If the people of our time would follow the example of the noble Bereans, in searching the Scriptures daily, and in comparing the messages brought to them with what is there recorded, there would be thousands loyal to Gods law where there is one today. Sketches from the Life of Paul, 88. Note: Paul was an Adventist; he presented the important event of the second coming of Christ with such power and reasoning that a deep impression, which never wore away, was made upon the minds of the Thessalonians. Sketches from the Life of Paul, 83. Raymond Palmer/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain. Nearly two hundred years before, this city had been completely destroyed; but, after a century of desolation, it had been rebuilt; and having since rapidly increased, it was now flourishing and populous. Therefore, when I have finished this task, and have safely delivered into their hands the fruit that was collected, I will set off toward Spain (Romans 15:24, 28). Berea, which was one of the most populous cities of Macedonia early became a bishopric under the metropolitan of Thessalonica and was itself made a metropolis by Andronicus II (1283-1328): there is a tradition that the first bishop of the church was Onesimus. It must be given as food only that which will strengthen the religious experience. The Review and Herald, November 10, 1904. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. 2 How are the noble Bereans to be an example for us today? ~ 1eg&8W8w3dJ]q(7+_zm'` Q.6TmTd($P'ce=) Yt:rE>8,6uQa@pH fb>>>dxuI&E:YjC8 Q=U The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. Paul traveled alone to Corinth where Timothy rejoined him and Paul writes this letter. Persia attacked Greece in what is known as the Persian Wars. This is now the fifth city Paul has been run out of by an angry mob . It was as a result of the devastation by the Persians of Athens that the great building projects were started under Pericles. There were converts in all three of these cities in which Paul preached, but only in Thessalonica (as far as we can tell from Scripture) did a church take root. Built by the Athenians in honor of the emperor Hadrian in AD 135, this marble gate was on a street leading from the ancient city to the new Roman one. The philosopher Thales and the poet Sappho were active during this time as well. Annexing Greece, the Macedonians then went on to conquer most of the world they knew. Acts 17:1-9 In Thessalonica, Paul went into the Jewish synagogue and . In the meantime, Id love to hear your comments! Pauls work was to bear the tidings of salvation to a people who had no intelligent understanding of God and His plans. It allied itself (including the Sacred Band) with Athens to fight the Macedonians at Chaeronea, which the Greeks lost, in 338. Here we find a large number of resident Jews and a synagogue. Going to Berea, they raised a tumult there also, and made it necessary for Paul to leave the town and go to Athens (Acts 17:14, 15).Several points in this account are noteworthy as illustrating the strict accuracy of the narrative of the Acts. Average amount of gas with an average car when travelling from berea to athens, Greece will be 7 gallons gallons which costs 10 $. Between 1600 and 1100 B.C, Mycenaean civilization contributed innovations to engineering, architecture, the military, and more. The map shows the boundaries of districts in Roman times. This ancient region and Roman province in the Balkans was known as Moesia. Now Paul had shorn his head in Cenchrea because he had made a vow. Though modern visitors are impressed with the great buildings of the Acropolis and Olympian Zeus, the agora and the impressive stoas, St . 2019 Bible Study Mentor - All rights reserved. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. In August 480 B.C., they attacked the Greeks at the two-meter wide pass at Thermopylae that controlled the only road between Thessaly and Central Greece. From the 6th to the 9th century it was engaged in repeated struggles against Avars, Slavonians and Bulgarians, whose attacks it repelled with the utmost difficulty. The Thessalonian Church:The Thessalonian church was a strong and flourishing one, composed of Gentiles rather than of Jews, if we may judge from the tone of the two Epistles addressed to its members, the absence of quotations from and allusions to the Old Testament, and the phrase "Ye turned unto God from idols" (1 Thessalonians 1:9; compare also 2:14). (see map, p. 2280). We are here in a Greek commercial city and a seaport, a "free city," moreover, enjoying a certain amount of autonomy and its own constitution. Thessalonica was a major port, and like Philippi, located on the east-west Egnatian highway, and thus an important centre of trade by land and by sea: This is the period described in Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey.". Thessalonica, Berea, and AthensBible Basis: Acts 17:1-4, 10-12, 22-25, 28Bible Truth: Paul preached that Gospel with strong conviction in spite of oppositio. But after a short time in Athens, Paul felt the need to receive a report from the newborn church in Thessalonica, so he sent Timothy back to serve and minister to the new believers there. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. 2 As was his custom, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, 3 explaining and proving that the Messiah had to suffer and rise from . In 1204 Thessalonica became the center of a Latin kingdom under Boniface, marquis of Monferrat, and for over two centuries it passed from hand to hand, now ruled by Latins now by Greeks, until in 1430 it fell before the sultan Amurath II. So why did Paul travel 40 miles from Thessalonica to Berea? The Jews from Thessalonica followed and persecuted them ( Acts 17:10-13 ). Maps Paul's journeys Thessalonica Berea Athens What did Paul do on his journeys? It may be identical with BEEROTH (which see) in Benjamin, a Hivite town, 8 miles North of Jerusalem, or with the modern Birez-Zait, 1 1/2 miles Northwest of Jifneh.W. Antioch (Pisidia)He evangelizes in the city during his first, second and third missionary journeys. Ancient Aegean civilizations include the European Bronze Age time period. From Thessalonica, the road went all the way to Constantinople (Istanbul). The magistrates were duly alive to the seriousness of the accusation, but, since no evidence was forthcoming of illegal practices on the part of Jason or the other Christians, they released them on security (Acts 17:5-9). Since its construction, Via Egnatia played a major role in the shaping of the whole region. The cheapest way to get from Thessalonki to Berea costs only $655, and the quickest way takes just 19 hours. Because of the persecution in Thessalonica, what did the brethren decide to do with Paul? km. The fifth century B.C. And after greeting the brethren, we remained one day with them. There were also thousands of Greek islands in the Aegean sea, and colonies on the eastern side of the Aegean. The Acropolis was known as a strong example of architecture due to its structure, but it was ultimately destroyed in an earthquake. On average, I publish three to four new articles a month.

Lynbrook High School Yearbook, Lily Potter Middle Name, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Glucose Oxidase Method, Articles M