The major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm. A horizontal 20.0kg20.0-\mathrm{kg}20.0kg platform is supported by a spring at the bottom of the pole to cushion the fall. Which best describes these organs? Optimal habitats have abundant decomposing organic matter, moderate temperatures, low illumination, and moderate to high humidity. postpartum doula boston; which best describes the pillbugs organ of respiration. They regulate the amount of ammonia and salt dissolved in body fluids. Q: 1. Accessed 2 See answers Advertisement Correct answers: 2 question: Which best describes the tongue, ears, and nose? October 24, 2013 The procedure of converting oxygen for carbon dioxide is known as respiration. Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. Pill bugs probably came to North America with the lumber trade. C. A: Neurons (also known as neurons or nerve cells) are the basic units of the brain and nervous system,. Q. These spiracles, which act as muscular valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system which is comprised of a densely networked array of tubes called tracheae. A) receptor. When pillbugs are placed in a choice chamber, which of the following behaviors indicates a preference for the test substance? Search in feature Specific methods of IIV-31 transmission remains unclear, but hypotheses range from cannibalism, coprophagy, inter-species aggression, or parasitism by nematode vectors. October 27, 2013 Respiration provides carbon dioxide for the digestion of food . referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action. Which best describes these organs? 03 The rib cage has a protective role for internal organs: Due to its shape and constitution, the rib cage protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs, as well as certain abdominal organs. Report question. The heart and many. Taxon Information Which of the following is a defense mechanism of pillbugs against predation? Finally, there are 2 to 4 days of ecdysis. October 24, 2013 city of gary general business license renewal If an A. vulgare individual enters a new habitat and senses the presence of aggregate pheromone in feces, molt fragments, or the marking trails, it would indicate to the individual that other members of its species are successfully surviving in that habitat. In dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. Which best describes the walking legs of a pillbug? Be notified when an answer is posted. Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells. Oryctolagus is herbivorous mammal. Data/Results. Voluntary muscles pump blood through the body. Incomplete Answer. Be notified when an answer is posted. Like all arthropods, pill bugs grow by molting a hard exoskeleton. When preparing your experiment for this laboratory exercise, how many substances or conditions should you test at one time? Adults can live for two to five years. Two- to three-month-old A. vulgare juveniles are generally between 5 to 7 mm in length. It is unclear whether movement is constant, allowing the individuals to forage while they go, or if periods of movement are interspersed with periods of foraging and rest. It is sometimes called a roly-poly due to its ability to roll into ball when disturbed ( Figure 1 ). Blue pillbugs, which are infected with IIV-31, have a shorter lifespan and decreased photo- and water-responsiveness than non-infected individuals. They help break down food. Hadley, Debbie. Graph I. State one change in the composition of the blood as it flows through the respiratory system. The hypothesis proposed was correct; the pillbugs respired at a higher rate than the germinating bean sprout. These defenses are inadequate against large predators, such as birds, including the Common Starling, but few smaller predatory arthropods are able to successfully overcome them. The respiratory system is the organs and other parts of your body involved in breathing, when you exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. 's tendency to induce feminization of genetic males by forcing zygotes to develop into female adults regardless of their sex chromosome composition. Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Loci for the Isopod Crustacean Armadillidium vulgare and Transferability in Terrestrial Isopods. respiration, because oxygen is taken in and moved throughout. 2007. Typical young adults are 10 mm long and 5 mm wide. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. excretion, because waste is collected and removed. Physiological Entomology, 32/4: 367-371. The transport of Respiration provides oxygen for the combustion of food. 249-255 in M Hutchins, A Evans, J Jackson, D Kleiman, J Murphy, D Thoney, eds. If you find a pill bug that's gray or brown on one end, and pink on the other, it's in the middle of molting. Transcribed image text: Which best describes the diet of pillbugs? Pill Bugs Breathe Through Gills Like their marine cousins, terrestrial pill bugs use gill-like structures to exchange gases. Answer not in Detail. ("Isopoda (Pillbugs, Slaters, and Woodlice)", 2003), This species is not an endangered or protected species. Copy. Many crustaceans, pill bugs included, have hemocyanin in their blood. This material is based upon work supported by the Group that receives treatment known to elicit a positive response. The human body is made up of many cells, so it is an example of a multicellular organism. 1. The remaining part of the cycle is a 2 to 4 day ecdysis of intermolt, where the splitting of the old exoskeleton occurs and is shed from the body. 03 of 15 A Juvenile Pill Bug Molts in 2 Sections Like all arthropods, pill bugs grow by molting a hard exoskeleton. Parts of the Respiratory System Your respiratory system. Which best describes these organs? This answer is: Study guides. Q: 1. they secrete hormones, they protect the eggs a female is born with and Tags: Question 8. To understand this experiment it is important to have some knowledge of the organism being observed. Rate of Respiration Compared Between Pill Bugs and Germinating Bean Sprouts . A, B, C. Which of the following are most often included as part of a pillbugs diet? Graph I. body system that circulates blood, oxygen, and nutrients to all the cells of the body. -Place only on test substance in the chamber. Get the answers you need, now! They require moist environments to breathe but cannot survive being submerged in water. Overlapping thoracic plates form a special pouch, called a marsupium, on the pill bug's underside. It is a tube of 12-14 cm that extends the base of skull to the level of 5th cervical vertebra. at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10454296. Pedobiologia, 55/3: 137-144. answer choices. It lies behind mouth, nose and larynx. Armadillidium vulgare eggs are thin-walled and possess a yolk. However, males are more attracted to females with prominent calcium plates, which correspond to their higher reproductive receptivity period. which best describes these organs? Some Species Curl Into a Ball When Threatened. 1999. After one to two days, the vitelline membrane is shed and the manca hatches. Incomplete Answer. November 27, 2013 Which best describes these organs? Pill Bugs. The act of breathing which is the movement of air. Hemoglobin Can Trap Oxygen Hemoglobin can facilitate the capture of oxygen molecules from the water. November 27, 2013 Males have copulatory organs on the anterior portion of the thorax and females have a pouch for brooding (the marsupium), if they are pregnant. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) The organism used in this experiment is Armadillidium vulgare which is commonly called a pillbug, sowbug, or roly-poly. movements of a hard surface that are produced by animals as signals to others, young are relatively well-developed when born. The main organs involved in the respiration process are gills (tadpole), skin and lungs (adult frog). answer choices. It makes the pillbug harder to grasp. Ans:- Herbivore Explanation :- pill bugs feeding on the fungi and bacteria that grow on dead and rotting vegetati . answer choices. The three major parts of the respiratory system all work together to carry out their task. 25. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Pharynx. C) hypothalamus. October 24, 2013 Draw a generalized amino acid b. Label the functional groups that you recognize. which best describes the pillbugs organ of respiration. First, the back half of its exoskeleton splits away and slides off. Which best describes the diet of the pillbugs? AIP Conference Precedings, 718/1: 459-464. Functions of ovary. 2 See answers It is both digestive and respiratory organ. Winter Activity of Terrestrial Isopods From Thermal Habitats in Western Romania. Sperm from one mating incident can be stored in this manner for an entire year for use in subsequent broods, with older sperm bundles taking precedence over more recent genetic material when broods are laid. Answer not in Detail. omnivore which of the followig indicates a positive response from the pill bug? Voluntary muscles pump blood through the body. The pleon supports two pairs of oval-shaped respiratory structures called pleopods. An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to do a particular job. alternatives. Preview; Assign Practice; Preview. Answer Incorrect. October 27, 2013 A) sense organs that are part of the central nervous system B) sense organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system C) internal organs that are part of the central nervous system D) internal organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system Preview; Assign Practice; Preview. Annelids show _____ by having bilateral symmetry with an anterior head where most sense organs are found. which best describes the pillbugs organ of respirationraft survival multiplayer. This is not to be confused with the white dorsal calcium carbonate plates formed during the pre-ecdysis stage of molting. Type I (squamous) alveolar cell. What best describes the organs of the respiratory system? In an experiment where two groups are compared, one group has a treatment applied and is called the experimental group; the other group is identical to the experimental group, but has no treatment applied. Previous question Next question. "Armadillidium vulgare" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Transcribed image text: Which best describes the diet of pillbugs? Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Accessed View the full answer. It begins with a 2 day period following the last molt, where the new, soft cuticle calicifies. Omnivore. living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar. Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. Pill Bugs. Respiration provides oxygen for the combustion of food. Bundles from each mating incident form rings within the oviduct, so that muscle cells around the oviduct can pressurize the bundles to release the immobilized spermatozoa onto oocytes that pass through these rings during oviposition. The lungs, nose, and trachea are organs of the respiratory system. at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465420. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. What best describes the organs of the respiratory system? www.opendialoguemediations.com. 29 cards. This organ system functions to circulate the blood through out the body. Which of the following describes a positive control? A. vulgare breaks down the decaying leaf litter of many plant species, such as Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Salix fragilis (brittle willow), Quercus robur (English oak), and dried lime leaves (Tilia sp.). Males and females can be distinguished by looking at the ventral (underside) plane. Hild, S., O. Marti, A. Ziegler. What substance would you choose as a control? There is no nauplius stage, which most crustaceans have. The Best Timing of Mate Search in Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda, Oniscidea). The lungs work to pass oxygen into the body, whilst removing carbon dioxide from the body. In spite of its resistance, the cage is dynamic, allowing Nasopharynx. Which best describes the walking legs of the pillbug? They help break down food. Common names of Armadillidium vulgare also include common pill woodlouse, roly poly, and German 'Kugelassel'. In other words, Central and South America. angelkusum97 angelkusum97 28.01.2020 Biology Secondary School answered Describe the organs of respiration in prawn?? 2012. Columba and oryctolagus are homoiothermic animals. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. what does fidelis dental cover. (Beauch and Richard, 2013; Bousfield and Conlan, 2013; Moriyama, 2004; Robinson, et al., 2011), Terrestrial isopods like Armadillidium vulgare are usually detritivores, although during drought periods they adopt more scavenger-like tendencies. Accessed Male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females. alternatives. They are both used for support. Click here to get an answer to your question describe the organs of respiration in prawn?? (Giraud, et al., 2013). While moving, A. vulgare exhibits a behavior termed turn alternation, in which they invariably alternate between gradual left and right turns to move indirectly forward in a straight line until encountering an obstruction. Add an answer. .5cm/min. In an experiment determining the effects of antibiotics on the treatment of pneumonia in mice, two groups of mice with pneumonia are compared. This response is considered an escape mechanism from potential predators. Pill Bugs Breathe Through Gills Like their marine cousins, terrestrial pill bugs use gill-like structures to exchange gases. Acanthocephala (Thorny Headed Worms). Question 31. They deliver nutrients to the other tissues. (Beauch and Richard, 2013; Bousfield, et al., 2013; Wright and O'Donnell, 2010), Mating Armadillidium vulgare pairs can potentially form up to a few days before the female's receptive period begins. Ommochrome Deficiency in an Albino Strain of a Terrestrial Isopod, Armadillidium vulgare. Nose. digestion, because food is broken down into a usable form. Eggs are retained in the marsupium for two to three months until the mancas hatch. digestion, because food is broken down into a usable form. Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. Fereni, S., D. Cupa, A. Cicort-Lucaciu, S. Covaciu-Marcov. The aggregate pheromone is secreted by digestive tissues, evacuated in excrement, and found in subtle traces both on the outer shell and within 'marking trails' that are produced as the individual moves through its habitat. Smooth muscles help move food through the organs they surround. ("Isopoda (Pillbugs, Slaters, and Woodlice)", 2003; Le Clech, et al., 2013; Saska, 2008). 1 2) Which of the following best describes a cell or organ that produces a response from commands of the control center in negative feedback?. Respiration provides hydrogen for the digestion of food. The cardiorespiratory system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to keep us alive. The genus was once Armadillo, named after the similarly conglobating well-known armored mammal species. Moriyama, T., M. Migita. A. (Beauch and Richard, 2013; Bousfield and Conlan, 2013; Dias, et al., 2012; Saska, 2008), Large populations in gardens or greenhouses may cause noticeable damage to young plant shoots, but this threat is minimal. Ans:- Herbivore Explanation :- pill bugs feeding on the fungi and bacteria that grow on dead and rotting vegetati . Wiki User. The nocturnalcrustaceanshave seven pairs of legs, segmented sections like a lobster's tail, and prefer humid environments. Data has been compiled that indicates that A. vulgare populations range throughout the temperate, subtropical, and subarctic climates of Japan. The organs in the respiratory system consist of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. allow air to enter the body and into the lungs. The pleon also supports several tail projections, which transport water to the mouth of the isopod. Pillbug spends more time in the chamber with test substance. The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. October 24, 2013 living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. which best describes the pillbugs organ of respirationwes perkins grizzly videowes perkins grizzly video (a) What reaction conditions are needed to convert (R)-2-ethyl-2-methyloxirane to (R)-2- methylbutane-1,2-diol? Problem Solving and Autonomous Behavior in Pill Bugs (Armadillidium vulgare). Smooth muscles help move food through the organs they surround. Vestibule is a part of nostrils which is lined with coarse hair. (b) What reaction conditions are needed to convert (R)-2-ethyl-2- methyloxirane to (S)-2-methylbutane-1,2-diol? 2011. circulation, because fluid and molecules are moved around. The human body is made up of many cells, so it is an example of a multicellular organism. D The removal of wastes from both A and B involves the use of energy from ATP. It makes the pillbug harder to grasp. The respiratory system consists of the set of organs and tissues involved in the uptake of oxygen from the atmosphere and the release of carbon dioxide generated during aerobic respiration. Brian Sicknick Family, 30 seconds. They regulate the amount of ammonia and salt dissolved in body fluids. at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359445/malacostracan. Cannibalism and Predation as Paths for Horizontal Passage of Wolbachia between Terrestrial Isopods. at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/144848/crustacean. A byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen while a byproduct of respiration is CO2. Hadley, Debbie. The main organs involved in the respiration process are gills (tadpole), skin and lungs (adult frog). (a) the firefighter's speed just before he collides with the platform. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature. Though pill bugs do drink the old-fashioned waywith their mouthpartsthey can also take in water through their rear ends. The organs in each division are shown in Figure 16.2. Armadillidium vulgare has a variety of defenses against predation. Tracheae are tube like structures that open on the sides of their body through tiny holes called spiracles. Which best describes the tongue, ears, and nose? (A- lungs, B Kidneys) A B pumps blood to A for gas exchange B A and B both produce carbon dioxide, which provides nutrients for other body parts C releases antibodies in response to an infection in B. The pillbug, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille), is an isopod, a type of non-insect arthropod also known as a terrestrial crustacean. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. dr kadiatu kanneh birmingham; which best describes the pillbugs organ of respiration . W Doniger, R Fishman, B Friedman, L Gelb, D Gelernter, V Gregorian, eds. The hypothesis proposed was correct; the pillbugs respired at a higher rate than the germinating bean sprout. The rib cage has a protective role for internal organs: Due to its shape and constitution, the rib cage protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs, as well as certain abdominal organs. The lungs, nose, and trachea are organs of the respiratory system. Report question. You decide to test your pillbugs' preference for an acidic environment versus a nonacidic environment. Where can you perform the experiment phase of the scientific method? Sexually mature individuals can generally be distinguished by having a length greater than 0.7 mm. Be notified when an answer is posted. -Leaf litter This indicates how strong in your memory this concept is. Explanation: Want this question answered? Natal Experience and Conspecifics Influence the Settling Behaviour of the Juvenile Terrestrial Isopod Armadillidium vulgare. For mollusks also known as pill bugs, see chiton. Like the related sow bug (q.v. What is the purpose of the control group in scientific experiments? In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa. "15 Fascinating Facts About Pill Bugs." How does the pillbug react when confronted with a noxious substance? Respiratory Organs: A) sense organs that are part of the central nervous system B) sense organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system C) internal organs that are part of the central nervous system D) internal organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system Males and females can be distinguished by looking at the ventral (underside) plane. When oxygenated, pill bug blood appears blue. the respiratory organs of a grasshopper are the "trachea" and the "spiracles". The major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm. Pigment Cell Research, 12/4: 275-282. Pillbugs are nocturnal, though they may be found during the day in the soil or under debris. which is an Ans:- Herbivore Explanation :- pill bugs feeding on the fungi and bacteria that grow on dead and rotting vegetati . 2010. 2. 2013. During social interactions, individual woodlice can even cannibalize weaker individuals from the same or different species if the prey is injured or caught in the middle of a molting period. A, B, C. Which of the following are most often included as part of a pillbugs diet? The appendages of the pill bugs abdomen are not used for locomotion. Progress % Practice Now. "What is the dependent variable? Warmer conditions usually lead to earlier reproduction. They permit digestive end-products to make contact with body cells. In scoliodon, the respiration is aquatic, i.e., respiration in water and it breathes by means of gills borne in a series of gill pouches on either side of the pharynx. The lungs work to pass oxygen into the body, whilst removing carbon dioxide from the body. 15 Fascinating Facts About Pill Bugs. after the body has begun shivering, what explains why it would stop shivering? Functions of ovary. In insects respiration takes place through tracheae. 2017-07-10 15:50:21. The major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm. 3. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. which best describes the pillbugs organ of respirationcars for sale under $1,000 in orange county. Scientific experimentation can occur anywhere, depending upon the problem being examined. They require moist environments to breathe but cannot survive being submerged in water. On one side of the chamber you place filter paper moistened with water. Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. (Beauch and Richard, 2013; Bousfield and Conlan, 2013). breeding is confined to a particular season, reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female. at http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/10.1063/1.1787349. The thoracic cage is a component of the thoracic wall and encloses the majority of the structures of the respiratory system. As blood flows through certain organs of the body, the composition of the blood changes because of interactions with those organs. The respiratory tract has two major divisions: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. 2017-07-10 15:50:21. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Type I (squamous) alveolar cell. Endothelial cell of capillary. Saska, P. 2008. Identifying the function of the body systems- studen. A) sense organs that are part of the central nervous system B) sense organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system C) internal organs that are part of the central nervous system D) internal organs that are part of the peripheral nervous system Voluntary muscles pump blood through the body. Accessed In this process, the energy (ATP-Adenosine triphosphate) is produced by the breakdown of glucose which is further used by cells to perform various functions. Correct answers: 1 question: The lungs, nose, and trachea are organs of the respiratory system. Seed predators play a critical role in the growth of spermatophyte populations, and Armadillidium vulgare can be the dominant seed predators in systems where other seed predator groups (such as birds, ants, slugs, or crickets) are scarce or temporarily inactive. What would be natural to do int he experiment phase if the hypothesis is: "The heavier the ball, the faster it falls"? Malacostracan. ("Acanthocephala (Thorny Headed Worms)", 2003; "Isopoda (Pillbugs, Slaters, and Woodlice)", 2003), In the rare situation where Armadillidium vulgare performs seed predation on agricultural weeds, such as in the agroecosystems of central Europe, this species serves as a form of biological weed control. Each time a pill bug poops, it loses a little copper, an essential element it needs to live. They are located on the first two ventral segments of the pleon, and are hypothesized to have once been a pair of appendages. Vestibule is a part of nostrils which is lined with coarse hair. Le Clech, W., F. Chevalier, L. Genty, J. Bertaux, D. Bouchon, M. Sicard. Seven of the main body segments that comprise the pill bugs thorax each have one pair of walking or locomotion legs that are used primarily for mobility. They are both used for support. The lungs work to pass oxygen into the body, whilst removing carbon dioxide from the body. Vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. Which best describes the pillbugs organ of respiration? Armadillidium vulgare individuals move slowly during periods of high humidity and more rapidly during dry periods as they search for more humid areas. 03 answer choices. According to convention, in the example where the hypothesis is: "The braking distance grows linearly with the speed", what usually will be graphed on the y-axis? After three to four days, the mancas crawl out of the marsupium. The skin is not involved in human respiration. They get the seventh pair following their first molt. having the capacity to move from one place to another. ("Isopoda (Pillbugs, Slaters, and Woodlice)", 2003; Beauch and Richard, 2013; Hasegawai, et al., 1999; Karasawa, et al., 2012; Moriyama, 2004), The Armadillidium vulgare life cycle involves an egg stage, a juvenile stage termed a manca, and finally a reproductive adult stage. Pillbugs have seven pairs of legs, one pair for each segment of the thorax. The pereon is divided into seven somites (divisions), each of which has a pair of pereopods (short walking legs) protruding from it. Pill bugs represent the only crustacean that has widely colonizedthe land. 316-317 in M Hutchins, A Evans, J Jackson, D Kleiman, J Murphy, D Thoney, eds. Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. The name woodlouse is used for both pillbugs and sowbugs in Europe and refers to where these arthropods are found, such as under logs. Bousfield, E., K. Conlan, I. Gordon, J. ", -Record the braking distance at different speeds. Unlike hemoglobin, which contains iron, hemocyanin contains copper ions. It moves towards a substance. at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076639. The pill bug goes by many namesroly-poly, woodlouse, armadillo bug, potato bug, but whatever you call it, it's a fascinating creatureor actually 4,000 species of creature. The organs in an organ system are made up of similar cells. Pharynx. This defensive behavior also makes it look like a pill, which is why it is sometimes known as a pillbug. The three major parts of the respiratory system all work together to carry out their task. Egg size increases with the size of the mother. Tags: Question 5. Thus, there are no truly permanent mating pairs, making this species polygynandrous. helps break down and decompose dead plants and/or animals. Spatial Distribution of Calcite and Amorphous Calcium Carbonate in the Cuticle of the Terrestrial Crustaceans Porcellio scaber and Armadillidium vulgare. They are both used for support. -Measure the weight and the falling times of different balls. Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. They transport gaseous cellular wastes from body cells to the lungs for excretion. _____Krebs cycle _____electron transport _____glycolysis Q: Amino acids a. It is connected to nasal cavity through the internal opening of nares and to the mouth. answer choices. answer choices. Males have copulatory organs on the anterior portion of the thorax and females have a pouch for brooding (the marsupium), if they are pregnant.
Wreck In Lawrenceburg, Ky Today,
Wcrk Barter Time Submission,
Articles W
which best describes the pillbugs organ of respiration