" /> An NSL is an administrative subpoena that requires certain persons, groups, organizations, or companies to provide documents about certain persons. New Jersey v. TLO, 469 U.S. 325 (1985). var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":[],"cookielist":[],"non_necessary_cookies":[],"ccpaEnabled":"","ccpaRegionBased":"","ccpaBarEnabled":"","ccpaType":"gdpr","js_blocking":"","custom_integration":"","triggerDomRefresh":"","secure_cookies":""}; }. 2014):. PDF. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366 (1993), School officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority; rather, a search of a student need only be reasonable under all the circumstances. width: 25%; Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Congress and the President enacted legislation to strengthen the intelligence gathering communitys ability to combat domestic terrorism. This means that the police can't search you or your house without a warrant or probable cause. font-family: "FontAwesome"; Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83 (1998). Categories . color: #306e9d; Does this affect our expectations of privacy regarding our email messages? The Department of Homeland Security has used NSLs frequently since its inception. Although jurists and scholars . Judges, defense lawyers, police and prosecutors have been fighting over the Fourth Amendment for 230 years, and it's not hard to figure out why. 1772 B. The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution seems straightforward on its face: At its core, it tells us that our "persons, houses, papers, and effects" are to be protected against "unreasonable searches and seizures." Legal metaphors have a way of becoming real, at least in the lives of people that G-Men get interested in. But what happens when technology takes us out of the realm of physical walls and doors, causing us to lose at least some ability to understand the boundaries the Fourth Amendment sets on government searches and seizures? 764, 35 L.Ed.2d 67 (1973) (quotingDavis,394 U.S. at 727, 89 S.Ct. div.linesmall { In the 2010 case of City of Ontario v. Quon (08-1332), the Supreme Court extended this lack of an expectation of privacy to text messages sent and received on an employer-owned pager. States can always establish higher standards for searches and seizures protection than what is required by the Fourth Amendment, but states cannot allow conducts that violate the Fourth Amendment. Was there a seizure? The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution seems straightforward on its face: At its core, it tells us that our "persons, houses, papers, and effects" are to be protected against "unreasonable searches and seizures." !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r
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